Intestinal Electric Stimulation Accelerates Whole Gut Transit and Promotes Fat Excrement in Conscious Rats

*_Introduction:_* Intestinal electric stimulation (IES) is proposed as a potential tool for the treatment of morbid obesity. Our previous study showed that IES with one pair of electrodes accelerated intestinal transit and decreased fat absorption in a segment of the jejunum in the anesthetized rats. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of IES on the whole gut transit and fat absorption in conscious rats, to examine the effects of multi-channel IES, and to explore the cholinergic mechanism behind the effects of IES. 
*_Methods:_* Thirty-eight male rats implanted with serosal electrodes were randomized into five groups: control without IES, 2/3 channel IES with short pulses, atropine and atropine plus IES. The whole gut transit and fat remained and emptied from the gut were analyzed after continuous 2-hour IES. 
*_Results:_* Two and three channel IES significantly accelerated phenol red (marker used for transit) excretion (ANOVA, P < 0.001). No significant difference was found between two and three channel IES. Two channel IES significantly increased the excretion of fat (P < 0.05). Atropine significantly blocked the accelerated transit induced by IES (ANOVA, P < 0.001). Correlation was found between the percentage of phenol red and fat retained in the whole gut (r = 0.497, P < 0.01). 
*_Conclusions:_* IES accelerates whole gut transit and promotes fat excrement in conscious rats, and these effects are mediated through the cholinergic nerves. These findings are in support of the concept that IES may be a promising treatment option for obesity

Solutions to the complex Korteweg-de Vries equation: Blow-up solutions and non-singular solutions

In the paper two kinds of solutions are derived for the complex Korteweg-de Vries equation, including blow-up solutions and non-singular solutions. We derive blow-up solutions from known 1-soliton solution and a double-pole solution. There is a complex Miura transformation between the complex Korteweg-de Vries equation and a modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. Using the transformation, solitons, breathers and rational solutions to the complex Korteweg-de Vries equation are obtained from those of the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. Dynamics of the obtained solutions are illustrated.Comment: 12 figure